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Present Perfect
Forming the Present Perfect
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.
| Affirmative (+) | ||||||||||
| Subject | to have | past participle | ||||||||
| She | has | visited. | ||||||||
| Negative (-) | ||||||||||
| Subject | to have + not | past participle | ||||||||
| She | has not (hasn't) | visited. | ||||||||
| Interrogative (?) | ||||||||||
| to have | subject | past participle | ||||||||
| Has | she | visited? | ||||||||
| Negative interrogative (-)(?) | ||||||||||
| to have + not | subject | past participle | ||||||||
| Hasn't | she | visited? | ||||||||
To Walk, present perfect
| Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
|---|---|---|
| I have walked | I haven't walked | Have I walked? |
| You have walked | You haven't walked. | Have you walked? |
| He, she, it has walked | He, she, hasn't walked | Has he, she, it walked? |
| We have walked | We haven't walked | Have we walked? |
| You have walked | You haven't walked | Have you walked? |
| They have walked | They haven't walked | Have they walked? |
Functions of the Present perfect
The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.
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