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What is Semantics?

Semantics

Semantics (from Ancient Greek:σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant")^[1][2] is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relationship betweensignifiers—like words, phrases, signs, andsymbols—and what they stand for, theirdenotation. Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used for understanding human expression through language. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, andsemiotics. In international scientific vocabulary semantics is also calledsemasiology.

The word semantics was first used by Michel Bréal, a French philologist.^[3] It denotes a range of ideas—from the popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language for denoting a problem of understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation. This problem of understanding has been the subject of many formal enquiries, over a long period of time, especially in the field of formal semantics. Inlinguistics, it is the study of the interpretation of signs or symbols used in agents orcommunities within particular circumstances and contexts.^[4] Within this view, sounds, facial expressions, body language, andproxemics have semantic (meaningful) content, and each comprises several branches of study. In written language, things like paragraph structure and punctuation bear semantic content; other forms of language bear other semantic content.^[4]

The formal study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, includinglexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymologyand others. Independently, semantics is also a well-defined field in its own right, often with synthetic properties.^[5] In the philosophy of language, semantics and reference are closely connected. Further related fields include philology, communication, andsemiotics. The formal study of semantics can therefore be manifold and complex.

Semantics contrasts with syntax, the study of the combinatorics of units of a language (without reference to their meaning), andpragmatics, the study of the relationships between the symbols of a language, their meaning, and the users of the language.^[6]Semantics as a field of study also has significant ties to various representational theories of meaning including truth theories of meaning, coherence theories of meaning, and correspondence theories of meaning. Each of these is related to the general philosophical study of reality and the representation of meaning.

LEXICOLOGY SUMMARY

DEFINITION OF LEXICOLOGY

Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the prop­erties of words as the main units of language. The term vосabu1arу is used to denote the system formed by the sum total of all the words and word equivalents that the language possesses. 

Lexicology is the part of linguistics which Studies words, their nature(?) and meaning, words' elements(?), relations between words (semantical relations), word groups and the whole lexicon.

The word "lexicology" derives from the Greek "λεξικόν" (lexicon), neut. of "λεξικός" (lexikos), "of or for words",[1] from "λέξις" (lexis), "speech", "word",[2] (in turn from "λέγω" lego "to say", "to speak"[3]) + "-λογία", (-logia), "the study of", a suffix derived from "λόγος" (logos), amongst others meaning "speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason",[4] it turn also from "λέγω".

The term word denotes the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. A word therefore is simultaneously a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit.

The general study of words and vocabulary, irrespective of the spe­cific features of any particular language, is known as general lexicology. Linguistic phenomena and properties common to all languages are generally referred to as language univer­sals. Special lexiсоlоgу devotes its attention to the des­cription of the characteristic peculiarities in the vocabulary of a given language.

Historical lexicology or etymology discusses the origin of various words, their change and development, and investigates the linguistic and extra-linguistic forces modifying their structure, meaning and usage. Descriptive lexicology deals with the vocabulary of given language at a given stage of its development. It studies the functions of words and their specific structure as a characteristic inherent of the s у s t e m.

The descriptive lexicology of the English language as with the English word in its morphological and semantical structures, investigating the interdependence between these two aspects. These structures are identified and distinguished by contrasting the nature and arrangement of their elements. Lexicology also studies all kinds of semantic grouping and semantic relations: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, semantic fields, etc.

The importance of English lexicology is based not on the size of its vocabulary, however big it is, but on the fact that at present it is the world’s most widely used language. So, lexicology as a branch of linguistics has its own aims and methods of scientific research, its basic task being the study and systematic description of the vocabulary of some particular language in respect to its origin, development and current use. Hence lexicology investigates words, word-groups, word-equivalents and morphemes which make up words.

http://studentguide.ru/shpargalki-po-anglijskomu-yazyku/bilet-27-lexicology-as-a-branch-of-linguistics.html